Definitions of Child Care Abuse (CSA), Prevalence Rates, and
Sample-Level Effect Sizes (i.e.) Psychological Correlates in Using College Student
Samples
Note
a [In 'column' 1:] U = only unwanted sex included in definition;
a = all types of sex, unwanted and willing, included.
[In 'column' 2:] C = only physical contact sex included in definition;
b = both contact and noncontact experoenced included.
Next, upper age of "child" is given first; then, the minimum
age of other person is given
(e.g., w/ 5+ means with someone at least 5 years older);
last, other conditions for CSA are
given.
b Ns are number of subjects used for prevalences; may be
different from effect size Ns.
Under CSA, percentage of sample with CSA experiences is provided.
c Ns are numbers of subjects in analysis of psychological
correlates of CSA;
rs are the sample-level effect sizes. "Reaction data
only" indicates data were availble only
for self-reported reaction of effects.
d Dashes indicate that an effect size for psychological correlates was
not computable - only
data for self-reported reactions or effects were provided.
e Represents N and r for female and male students
combined; rsults were not reported separately, thus the dashes on the next row.
|
Study
|
Gen-
der
|
Operational definition
of CSAa
|
Prevalenceb
|
Sample-level
effect sizesc
|
|
N
|
CSA
|
N
|
r
|
|
Alexander & Lupfer (1978)
|
F |
U C (not specified), relative
|
586 |
25% |
431 |
.02 |
|
Bailey & Gibbons (1989)
|
F |
a ? self-labeled as "sexually molested"
|
294
|
13%
|
294
|
.04
|
|
Beckman & Burns (1990)
|
F
|
a b <12 w/ "adult"
|
198
|
10%
|
182
|
.04
|
|
Bendixen, Muus & Schei (1994)
|
F
|
U b <18
|
510
|
19%
|
510
|
.15
|
|
Bendixen, Muus & Schei (1994)
|
M
|
U b <18
|
486
|
3%
|
486
|
.08
|
|
Bergdahl (1983)
|
F
|
a b <18 w/ "adult"
|
430
|
36%
|
355
|
.11
|
|
Brieree & Runtz (1988a, 1988b, 1990
|
F
|
a C <15 w/ 5+
|
278
|
15%
|
224
|
.12
|
|
Brubaker (1991)
|
F
|
a C <16 w/ 5+
|
284
|
18%
|
155
|
.13
|
|
Brubaker (1994)
|
F
|
a C <16 w/ 5+
|
400
|
25%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Cole (1988)
|
F
|
a C <18 w/ 5+; unwanted peer
|
2,740
|
21%
|
128
|
.10e
|
|
Cole (1988)
|
M
|
a C <18 w/ 5+; unwanted peer
|
2,279
|
17%
|
--
|
--
|
|
Collings (1995)
|
M
|
U b <18
|
284
|
29%
|
284
|
.17
|
|
Condy et al. (1987)
|
M
|
a C <16 w/5+ or 16 or over
|
359
|
16%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Edwards & Alexander (1992)
|
F
|
a C <16 w/5+ or force;
16-18 w/10+ or wanted
|
103
|
44%
|
97
|
.14
|
|
Everill & Waller (1995)
|
F
|
U b <18
|
69
|
71%
|
69
|
.09
|
|
Finkelhor (1979, 1984)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ > 16;
13-16 w/ 10+ (relative or unwanted)
|
530
|
19%
|
536
|
.11
|
|
Finkelhor (1979, 1984)
|
M
|
a b <13 w/ > 16;
13-16 w/ 10+ (relative or unwanted)
|
226
|
9%
|
260
|
.12
|
|
Fisher (1991)
|
F
|
a b <puberty w/ 4+
|
325
|
19%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Fisher (1991)
|
M
|
a b <puberty w/ 4+
|
327
|
7%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Fishman (1991)
|
M
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+
or unwanted
|
148
|
18%
|
148
|
-.04
|
|
Fritz, Stoll & Wagner (1981)
|
F
|
a C <puberty w/ "post adolescent"
|
540
|
8%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Fritz, Stoll & Wagner (1981)
|
M
|
a C <puberty w/ "post adolescent"
|
412
|
5%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Fromuth (1984, 1986)
|
F
|
a b < 13 w/ 5+ or 16 or over; 13-16
w/ 10+
|
482
|
22%
|
383
|
.08
|
|
Fromuth & Burkhart (1989) [MW]
|
M
|
a b < 13 w/ 5+ or 16 over; 13-16 w 10+
|
253
|
15%
|
249
|
.11
|
|
Fromuth & Burkhart (1989) [SE]
|
M
|
a b <13 w/ 5+ or 16 or over; 13-16 w/ 10+
|
329
|
13%
|
324
|
.00
|
|
Gidycz et al. (1993)
|
F
|
a b <14
|
857
|
54%
|
831
|
.15
|
|
Gidycz, Hanson & Layman (1995)
|
F
|
a b <14
|
796
|
59%
|
159
|
.11
|
|
Goldman & Goldman (1988)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+
|
603
|
28%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Goldman & Goldman (1988)
|
M
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+
|
388
|
9%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Greenwald (1994)
|
F
|
a b <17 w/ 5+; >17 w/ 10+; unwanted;
intrafamilial
|
214
|
41%
|
214
|
.03
|
|
Greenwald (1994)
|
M
|
a b <17 w/ 5+; >17 w/ 10+; unwanted;
intrafamilial
|
213
|
32%
|
213
|
-.09
|
|
Harter, Alexander &Neimeyer (1988)
|
F
|
a C <18 w/ relative who was 5+
|
1,066
|
13%
|
85
|
.16
|
|
Hatfield (1988)
|
M
|
a C <14 w/ 5+
|
213
|
12%
|
213
|
.06
|
|
Hauhaard & Emery (1989)
|
F
|
a b <16 w/ 5+ or 16 or over
|
672
|
12%
|
186
|
.11e
|
|
Hauhaard & Emery (1989)
|
M
|
a b <16 w/ 5+ or 16 or over
|
420
|
5%
|
--
|
--
|
|
Higgins & McCabe (1994)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-18 w/ 10+
|
199
|
24%
|
199
|
.16
|
|
Hrabrowy (1987)
|
F
|
U b <16
|
383
|
28%
|
383
|
.05
|
|
Jackson et al. (1990)
|
F
|
a C <18 w/ relative who was 5+
|
40
|
n/a
|
40
|
.36
|
|
Kinzl et al. (1994, 1995)
|
F
|
a b <18, unwanted peer, sex now considered abuse
|
202
|
22%
|
201
|
.08
|
|
Klein-Trull (1990)
|
F
|
a C <17wW/ 5+ or unwanted
|
271
|
11%
|
58
|
.19
|
|
Lam (1994)
|
F
|
a b <14 w/ adult or unwanted
|
264
|
18%
|
260
|
.01
|
|
Landis (1956
|
F
|
a b through adolescence w/ older partner
|
1,029
|
35%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Landis (1956
|
M
|
a b through adolescence w/ older partner
|
467
|
30%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Long (1993)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 3+, authority figure
|
305
|
18%
|
305
|
.10
|
|
Long & Jackson (1993)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+
|
137
|
n/a
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Maggio (1984)
|
F
|
a b <17 w/ 6+
|
244
|
35%
|
477
|
-.02e
|
|
Maggio (1984)
|
M
|
a b < 17 w/ 6+
|
233
|
36%
|
--
|
--
|
|
Moor (1992)
|
F
|
U b <17 w/ 5+
|
437
|
18%
|
321
|
.16
|
|
Nash & West (1985)
|
F
|
a b <16 w/ 5+
|
92
|
54%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
O'Neill (1991)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 5+, 13-16 w/ 10+
|
365
|
17%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
O'Neill (1991)
|
M
|
a b <13 w/ 5+, 13-16 w/ 10+
|
206
|
17%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Pallotta (1992)
|
F
|
a C <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+;
<17 unwanted relative
|
275
|
20%
|
257
|
.13
|
|
Peters & Range (1995)
|
F
|
U b <12 w/ 5+
|
135
|
20%
|
266
|
.11e
|
|
Peters & Range (1995)
|
M
|
U b <12 w/ 5+
|
131
|
8%
|
--
|
--
|
|
Pizzolo (1990)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/10+; relative, unwanted peer
|
308
|
23%
|
298
|
.13
|
|
Predieri (1992)
|
M
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 8+; unwanted peer
|
557
|
6%
|
62
|
.15
|
|
Preuss (1988)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-17 w/ 10+; force
|
402
|
50%
|
402
|
.05
|
|
Preuss (1988)
|
M
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-17 w/ 10+; force
|
288
|
20%
|
288
|
.04
|
|
Rau (1994)
|
M
|
U b <12 w/ 5+; 12-16 w/ 10+
|
60
|
n/a
|
60
|
.10
|
|
Rew, Esparza & Sands (1991)
|
F
|
U b <18 w/ older partner
|
111
|
50%
|
111
|
.11
|
|
Rew, Esparza & Sands (1991)
|
M
|
U b <18 w/ older partner
|
160
|
23%
|
160
|
.21
|
|
Risin & Koss (1987)
|
M
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13 w/ 8+; unwanted peer
|
2,922
|
7%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Roland, Zelhart & Dubes (1989)
|
F
|
U b <pubescence w/ 5+
|
171
|
30%
|
171
|
.40
|
|
Sarbo (1985)
|
F
|
a b <12 w/ > 16; <16 w/ relative >
16; unwanted
|
154
|
40%
|
154
|
.02
|
|
Sarbo (1985)
|
M
|
a b <12 w/ > 16; <16 w/ relative >
16; unwanted
|
112
|
22%
|
112
|
.055
|
|
Schultz & Jones (1983)
|
F
|
a b <12 w/ 16 or over
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Schultz & Jones (1983)
|
M
|
a b <12 w/ 16 or over
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
--
|
--d
|
|
Sedney & Brooks (1984)
|
F
|
a b "while growintg up"
|
301
|
17%
|
102
|
.15
|
|
Silliman (1993)
|
F
|
?? (not specified)
|
66
|
n/a
|
66
|
-.25
|
|
Smolak, Levine & Sullins (1990)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+
|
298
|
23%
|
269
|
.12
|
|
Urquiza (1989)
|
M
|
a C <18 w/ 5+
|
2,016
|
17%
|
88
|
.16
|
|
West & Woodhouse (1993)
|
M
|
a b <11 w/ 16 or over; 11-16 w/ 18 or over
|
182
|
37%
|
--
|
--d
|
|
White & Strange (1993)
|
F
|
U b <17 w/ 18 or over who was 5+
|
131
|
14%
|
105
|
-.01
|
|
Wisniewski (1990)
|
F
|
a b <14 w/ 5+; unwanted
|
3,187
|
29%
|
3,187
|
.11
|
|
Yama et al. (1992, 1993)
|
F
|
a b <13 w/ 5+; 13-16 w/ 10+
|
420
|
10%
|
156
|
.21
|
|
Zetzer (1991)
|
F
|
U b <18; relative
|
338
|
64%
|
338
|
.02
|